Computational Metaphorics

Notes: Computational Metaphorics concerns the study of metaphor analytics.  Computational or automated metaphor analysis may also fall under Metaphorology.

Quora: What is the relation of Metaphor with Metonymy and Mimesis? | Is it possible to explain metaphors using discourse analysis frameworks, or only with cognitive linguistic frameworks?

@metaphorbot .. Twitter bot for monitoring buzz about the IARPA Metaphor Program, quest to build a metaphor machine ..

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Ocularcentrism, Inscription & the Figure of the Computer in Cognitive Theories of Language (2003) .. abstract by Chris Werry
 
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I show how the computational metaphorics drawn on by Chomskyan and cognitive linguistics lead to a series of blindspots and limitations in their representation of language and mind.
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An Unsupervised Learning Method for Metaphor Detection (2000) .. by Gideon Mann {attached below}

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As a foray into a uncharted area of "computational metaphorics", this project yielded a number of insights.

Computational Metaphorics: Prior Work

There is a growing literature on computational linguistic approaches to understanding metaphor. The earliest attempts to understand metaphors used Lakoff’s recent theory but have restricted themselves to toy-domains, simplifying the problem [Martin 92, Fass 91]. In these systems, an expert defines a series of literal relationships, and when the natural language system is presented with a relationship outside the normal bounds, it uses its knowledge base to fit this phrase into its semantic system. These systems are brittle and rely on extensive input from the programmer.

[Dolan 95] sketches an initial attempt to detect metaphors in free text. The technical report presents a method which uses a proprietary ontology developed from a machine readable dictionary to detect metaphors, finding example mappings from one to domain to another. No results are given, and it is unclear whether or not he has actually implemented the system.

Another attempt at metaphor recognition comes from recognition of lexical phrases used to indicate metaphorical relationships. [Ferrari 96] describes a way to use lexical tags ("like an" for example) to detect metaphors.

However, no previous work has demonstrated results on free-text metaphor detection.
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References:

2011

A Program For Finding Metaphor Candidates In Corpora (2011) [PDF] .. by Tony Berber Sardinha [Google Scholar] 

A Psycholinguistic Study of Metaphor Processing (2011) [PDF] .. by Xiu Yu [Google Scholar]

Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis: Emotion, Metaphor and Terminology (2011) .. book edited by Khurshid Ahmad [Google Scholar] 

I Is an Other: The Secret Life of Metaphor and How It Shapes the Way We See the World (2011) .. book by @JamesGeary [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics (2011) .. by Tony Berber Sardinha [Google Scholar]

Toward Improving the Automated Classification of Metonymy in Text Corpora (2011) [PDF] .. thesis by Francis M. O. Ferraro [Google Scholar] 

2010

A Metaphor Identification Procedure for Corpus-Based 'Mental Distance' Analysis (2010) [PDF] .. by Toshihiro Shimizu [Google Scholar] 

A method for linguistic metaphor identification: from MIP to MIPVU (2010) .. book by @GerardSteen & @Jberenike etc [Google Scholar] 

Automatic Metaphor Interpretation as a Paraphrasing Task (2010) [PDF] .. by Ekaterina Shutova [Google Scholar] 

Comparing semantic role labeling with typed dependency parsing in computational metaphor identification (2010) [PDF] .. by Eric P.S. Baumer etc [Google Scholar] 

Developing the T-Scope (version 2.0) Program for a Statistical Approach to Business Metaphor Analysis (2010) [PDF] .. [Google Scholar] 

Models of Metaphor in NLP (2010) [PDF] .. [Google Scholar] 

On The Computational Modeling of Metaphors (2010) [PDF] .. by Nitish Srivastava @nitishsr [Google Scholar] 

Researching and Applying Metaphor in the Real World (2010) .. book edited by Graham D. Low etc [Google Scholar]

The Automatic Identification of Conceptual Metaphors in Hungarian Texts: A Corpus-Based Analysis (2010) [PDF] .. [Google Scholar] 

2009

A Computational Model for Visual Metaphors (2009) [PDF] .. by Angela Schwering etc [Google Scholar] 

An approach to automatic figurative language detection: A pilot study (2009) [PDF] .. by Anna Feldman etc [Google Scholar] 

Computational Metaphor Identification to Foster Critical Thinking and Creativity (2009) [PDF] .. thesis by Eric P.S. Baumer @EricPSB ericbaumer.com [Google Scholar] 

Fostering metaphorical creativity using computational metaphor identification (2009) [PDF] .. by Eric P.S. Baumer etc [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (2009) .. book edited by Zoltan Kovecses etc [Google Scholar] 

Multimodal Metaphor (2009) .. book edited by C. Forceville & E. Urios-Aparisi [Google Scholar] 

2008

Affect in Metaphor: Developments with WordNet (2008) [PDF] .. by Timothy H. Rumbell etc [Google Scholar] 

Affect Transfer by Metaphor for an Intelligent Conversational Agent (2008) .. by Alan M. Wallington etc [Google Scholar] 

Computational Approaches to Figurative Language (2008) [PDF] .. by Birte Lönneker-Rodman etc [Google Scholar] 

Meta4acle: Generating Compelling Metaphors for Design (2008) [PDF] .. [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor and artificial intelligence: Why they matter to each other (2008) [PDF] .. by John A. Barnden [Google Scholar] 

Mining millions of metaphors (2008) [PDF] .. by B. Pasanek & D. Sculley [Google Scholar] 

The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought (2008) .. book edited by Raymond W. Gibbs Jr. [Google Scholar]

2007

An ontology-based exploration of knowledge systems for metaphor (2007) [PDF] .. by Kathleen Ahrens etc [Google Scholar] 

Computational Mechanisms for Metaphor in Languages: A Survey (2007) [PDF] .. by Changle Zhou & Yun Yang [Google Scholar] 

Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy (2007) .. book by @astefanowitsch etc [Google Scholar] 

Don't worry about metaphor: affect extraction for conversational agents (2007) [PDF] .. by John A. Barnden etc [Google Scholar] 

Exploiting a semantic annotation tool for metaphor analysis (2007) [PDF] .. by Andrew Hardie etc [Google Scholar] 

Hunting Elusive Metaphors Using Lexical Resources (2007) [PDF] .. by Xiaojin (Jerry) Zhu [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor, Inference and Domain Independent Mappings (2007) [PDF] .. by Rodrigo Agerri & John A. Barnden etc [Google Scholar] 

2006

A Computational Model of the Metaphor Generation Process (2006) [PDF] .. by Masanori Nakagawa etc [Google Scholar]

Grammatical metaphor and lexical metaphor: Different perspectives on semantic variation (2006) [PDF] .. by Miriam Taverniers [Google Scholar]

2005

Generating & Interpreting Metaphors with NETMET (2005) [PDF] .. by Eric Steinhart [Google Scholar] 

2004

A Current Resource and Future Perspectives for Enriching WordNets with Metaphor Information (2004) [PDF] .. by Birte Lönneker-Rodman etc [Google Scholar]

Agency and consciousness in discourse: self-other dynamics as a complex system (2004) .. book by Paul John Thibault [Google Scholar] 

CorMet: a computational, corpus-based conventional metaphor extraction system (2004) [PDF] .. by Zachary J. Mason [Google Scholar] 

Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis (2004) .. book by Jonathan Charteris-Black [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics (2004) .. book by Alice Deignan [Google Scholar]

2003

Qualia Extraction and Creative Metaphor in WordNet (2003) [PDF] .. by Tony Veale [Google Scholar] 

2001

The Logic of Metaphor: Analogous Parts of Possible Worlds (2001) .. book by Eric Steinhart [Google Scholar] 

2000

A statistical approach to the processing of metonymy (2000) [PDF] .. by Masao Utiyama etc [Google Scholar] 

1990s

Computation for metaphors, analogy, and agents (1999) .. book by Chrystopher L. Nehaniv [Google Scholar] 

When agents meet cross-cultural metaphor: can they be equipped to parse and generate it? (1999) .. by Patricia "Patti" O'Neill-Brown [Google Scholar] 

VIRGILIO - The Metaphor Definition Tool (1998) [PDF] .. by Matthias Hemmje etc [Google Scholar] 

A Corpus-Based Approach for Metaphor Processing (1996) [PDF] .. by Stéphane Ferrari [Google Scholar] 

A Textual Clues Approach for Generating Metaphors as Explanations by an Intelligent Tutoring System (1996) [PDF] .. by Stéphane Ferrari [Google Scholar] 

Detecting metaphors on domain-specific corpora (1996) [PDF] .. by Stéphane Ferrari [Google Scholar] 

Using textual clues to improve metaphor processing (1996) [PDF] .. by Stéphane Ferrari [Google Scholar] 

Designing an Agent for Understanding and Generating Metaphor (1995) .. by Patricia O'Neill-Brown (aka Patti O'Neill-Brown) [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor as an Emergent Property of Machine-Readable Dictionaries (1995) [PDF] .. by William B. Dolan [Google Scholar] 

Knowledge Representation and Metaphor (1994) .. book by Eileen Cornell Way [Google Scholar] 

Metaphor and Cognition: An Interactionist Approach (1992) .. by Bipin Indurkhya [Google Scholar]

A Computational Model of Metaphor Interpretation (1990) [PDF] .. book by James H. Martin [Google Scholar]

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See also:

ATT-Meta Project | Automatic Metaphor | Chinese Metaphor | CorMet (Metaphor Extraction System) | Hamburg Metaphor Database | Master Metaphor List | MetaBank | Metalude | MetNet | Metaphor-based Reasoning | Metaphor & Cognition | Metaphor Analysis | Metaphor Extraction | Metaphor Generation | Metaphor Network | Metaphor Project | MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure) | SemEval & Metaphors | ZMET (Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique)

Related:

CogSketch | Computational Analogy | Computational Dreaming | Daydreaming Machines | IARPA 2011 | Robopsychology | SME (Structure Mapping Engine) 2011